Australia has a complex and diverse oil distribution landscape, with many players involved across the supply chain. Understanding the key companies, market dynamics and recent trends shaping the industry can provide valuable insights for those looking to enter or expand operations in this market.
Upstream Production
Australia is a relatively small oil producer globally, accounting for around 1% of total world output. However, domestic production still plays an important role in meeting local demand.
Key producers include global giants like ExxonMobil, Chevron and Shell, alongside domestic companies such as Santos, Origin Energy and Woodside Petroleum. Most production comes from offshore fields in the Carnarvon, Gippsland, and Bonaparte basins. Onshore production occurs but is declining as fields mature. With major new projects coming online, LNG is playing an increasingly important role.
Refining Oil within Australia
There are 7 key refineries in Australia located in Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, and South Australia. They are operated by Viva Energy, Ampol, BP and ExxonMobil. Total refining capacity is around 806,000 barrels per day, which meets around two-thirds of domestic demand. The remainder is imported as refined products. Refineries produce gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, LPG, and other products. Upgrades in recent years have focused on extracting more diesel and gasoline as car and jet fuel demand grows.
Oil Important to Australia
With local refining unable to meet total demand, Australia relies on imports for around one-third of its petroleum needs. Singapore, South Korea, and Japan are major sources of imported gasoline and diesel. The USA, UAE and Qatar are key sources of jet fuel imports. All imports arrive via seaborne tankers and pass through terminals at ports around the country. Maintaining adequate import capability and port infrastructure is crucial.
Oil Terminals in the Country
Terminals play a vital logistical role, receiving and storing imports, as well as handling output from local refineries. Key terminal locations include Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and regional ports along the coastline. Independent terminal operators like Viva Energy, BP, Mobil and Vopak operate key sites. Terminals supply the local wholesale distribution network via pipelines, rail loading facilities and truck loading racks. Storage capacity, berthing capability and pipeline connectivity are important for terminal operations.
Wholesale Distribution of Oil
From terminals and refineries, wholesale distributors purchase refined products and supply retail sites nationally through their networks. Key players include BP, Caltex (a subsidiary of Ampol), Mobil and Liberty Oil (a subsidiary of Viva Energy). Extensive logistics networks see products trucked to depots around the country before final delivery to retail forecourts. Wholesalers may supply fuel to independent dealers or company-owned sites. Maintaining a national distribution capability is important for the majors.
Retail Oil Networks within the Country
At the retail level, Australia’s petrol station market is divided between the major brand networks (Shell, BP, Caltex, Mobil) and supermarkets (Coles, Woolworths), alongside smaller independents. Recent trends have seen supermarkets rapidly expand their national chains by acquiring independents. Convenience stores at petrol stations are also growing in popularity. Electric vehicle charging networks are starting to be installed by the oil majors as demand slowly rises.
Key Market Dynamics
Some key factors shaping Australia’s oil market include:
- Growing East Coast demand: population growth in Sydney and Melbourne drives petroleum demand.
- Regional centres still reliant on diesel: agriculture, mining and long highways boost diesel demand in rural areas.
- Declining domestic production: Australia’s aging oil fields means growing reliance on imports.
- Consolidation of refining sector: high costs and competition makes small refineries unviable.
- Expansion of retail convenience: supermarkets competing on convenience through large petrol/convenience store networks.
- Rise of electric vehicles: still a marginal share of the market but charging infrastructure is expanding.
Trends and Disruptions Reshaping the Industry
The Australian oil distribution sector has remained relatively stable for decades, dominated by large vertically integrated oil companies. However, emerging trends and disruptions are starting to challenge traditional business models and reshape the competitive landscape. Understanding these shifts can provide incumbents and new entrants with insights to navigate coming changes.
Rise of Renewables
While still early days, the transition towards renewable energy presents major uncertainty for oil demand in the long-term. As solar, wind and battery storage costs fall, households and businesses are adopting renewables to cut energy bills and emissions. Electric vehicle uptake is also expected to accelerate. Oil companies are responding by diversifying into solar, EV charging and exploring how biofuels may fit. But the pace of change remains unclear, requiring close monitoring.
Digital Disruption
Digital platforms and connected systems are creating new customer interfaces and data-driven business models. Areas being impacted include customer loyalty programs integrated with apps, logistics systems incorporating predictive analytics and AI for scheduling, Internet of Things sensors optimizing refinery operations, and mobile payments. While the oil sector has been slow to adopt technology historically, digital innovation is starting to gather pace.
Supply Chain Pressures
Geopolitics, conflict, and economic instability can cause supply shocks that reverberate across the entire oil supply chain. Regional refining outages, tanker blockages at key maritime chokepoints and spikes in crude prices all have flow on effects. With Australia heavily reliant on imports from sometimes volatile regions, supply chain resilience against disruptions is increasingly important. Companies need visibility and flexibility.
Decarbonization Policies
As the energy transition accelerates, government policy is likely to further constrain high-emissions sectors. Potential future regulations such as tighter emissions limits, fuel efficiency standards, EV mandates and carbon pricing could impact oil demand and industry profitability. Companies need to assess regulatory scenarios and consider how to best position themselves in line with decarbonization policies as they emerge.
Final words
While oil remains crucial to Australia’s economy, the distribution landscape will likely keep evolving. Key factors to watch include emerging import supply patterns, uptake of electric vehicles, retail sector competition and regional demand centres. Though a mature market, Australia still presents opportunities for new entrants able to effectively navigate the complexities of the petroleum supply chain.